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Mikayla Ellis Geology ERT The Development of the Tectonic Plate Theory Early thoughts about the Earth’s landforms centred on the belief that as the Earth was cooling down it contracted, which formed wrinkles, or mountains, in the Earth’s crust (BBC 2014). Plate Tectonics is the modern scientific theory stating the Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of several large, thin, quite strong “plates” that move relative to one another (Glencoe 2012). Movement at the plate boundaries results in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. At the beginning of the 20 th century, a German meteorologist, geophysicist and polar researcher, Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift. Wegener hypothesised that 200 million years ago all of the continents were joined as one supercontinent, which he named Pangaea (Figure 1). Wegener supported his belief with 5 lines of evidence – jigsaw fit, geological fit, tectonic fit, glacial deposits and fossil evidence (GSL 2012). Even with this evidence, Wegener was unable to explain how the continents moved and his theory was not well received by the scientific community. Figure 2: Magnetic patterns and age of rocks provide support for sea-floor spreading. (CPO Science 2014) Figure 1: Map of Pangaea – 250 million years ago (Loft 2011) . In the 1950s and 1960s studie s of the Earth’s magnetic field variation through time (paleomagnetism) and sonar mapping of the ocean floor provided new evidence which proved the continents do indeed drift. Large mountain ranges, Mid-Atlantic Ridges, were found on the ocean floor which led to Harry Hess ’ hypothesis of Sea Floor Spreading, where he suggested that oceans grew from their centres (Stannard 2007). The discovery of patterns, ‘magnetic patterns’, on either side of the mid-ocean ridges proved that the oldest rocks were furthest from the ridge (Figure 2). New ocean floor is formed at the mid-ocean ridges and the new floor moves away from the edge as time passes, and also that oceanic crust needs to be destroyed and this occurs by being subducted back into the mantle. Support of the Theory of Continental Drift. Evidence 1: The continents look like they were pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle that could fit together to make one giant super-continent (Figure 3). The coast line of Africa fits the shape of the coast of North and South Americas (GSL 2012). Figure 3: Continents fit like a jigsaw puzzle
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