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Interbus was one of the very first Fieldbuses to achieve widespread popularity. It continues to be popular because of its versatility, speed, diagnostic and auto-addressing capabilities. Physically, it has the appearance of being a typical line-and-drop based network, but in reality it is a serial ring shift register. Each slave node has two connectors, one which receives data and one which passes data onto the next slave. Controller Area Network (CAN) is a fast serial bus that is designed to provide an efficient, reliable and very economical link between sensors and actuators. CAN uses a twisted pair cable to communicate at speeds up to 1Mbit/s with up to 40 devices. Originally developed to simplify the wiring in automobiles, its use has spread in machine and factory automation products. CAN provides standardised communication objects for process data, service data, network management, synchronisation, time-stamping and emergency messages. It is the basis of several sensor buses, such as DeviceNet (Allen-Bradley), Honeywell's SDS or Can Application Layer (CAL) from CAN in Automation, group of international users and manufacturers, which is over 300 companies strong. CANOpen is a family of profiles based on CAN which was developed within the CAN in Automation group. The extensive error detection and correction features of CAN can easily withstand the harsh physical and electrical environment presented by a car. SDS was developed by Bosch for networking most of the distributed electrical devices throughout an automobile, initially for eliminating the large and expensive wiring harnesses in Mercedes. DeviceNet is a manifestation of CAN adapted for critical factory networking purposes. At the next level are the "control" networks, which include ControlNet, developed by Allen-Bradley and utilised by Honeywell, overlapping with some of the functionality intended to be provided by Profibus-FMS and Fieldbus SP-50 - Profibus FMS uses the same physical layer as Profibus DP but allows multi-master, asynchronous, peer-to-peer communication. FMS and DP can operate simultaneously on the same network. ControlNet was conceived as the ultimate high-level fieldbus network and was designed to meet several high performance automation and process control criteria. Of primary importance is the ability to communicate with each other with 100% determinism, while achieving faster response than traditional master/slave poll/strobe networks. LONWorks operates over greater distances and is a practical peer-to-peer network, extensible to many thousands of points, though it can be comparatively slow and more complex. Profibus PA is a specification for using Profibus in intrinsically safe applications. It provides improved performance at the fieldbus level, for instruments and controls, replacing the features and functions which are provided by HART, originally developed for transmitter calibration and diagnostics. The primary differences are in speed, complexity and distance. LONWorks also extends into this realm. Foundation Fieldbus is a sophisticated, object-oriented protocol that uses multiple messaging formats and allows a controller to recognize a rich set of configuration and parameter information ("device description") from devices that have been plugged into the bus. Foundation Fieldbus even allows a device to transmit parameters relating to the estimated reliability of a particular piece of data. Foundation Fieldbus uses a scheduler to guarantee the delivery of messages, so issues of determinism and repeatability are solidly addressed (determinism means knowing absolute worst-case response times with 100% certainty). Each segment of the network contains one scheduler. In the United States, DeviceNet, Profibus DP, and Foundation Fieldbus H1 have taken their places as the dominant open systems for connecting industrial devices. DeviceNet is the leader in automotive, materials handling, and semiconductor applications, while Foundation Fieldbus is taking the lead in process control. Profibus is strong in both realms, as well as being the dominant technology in Europe. Since its introduction, DeviceNet has grown rapidly in the UK and, according to DeviceNet UK Chairman Richard McLaughlin, now boasts more than 320 companies worldwide actively developing compatible products within the Open DeviceNet Vendor Association (ODVA). These include sensors, actuators and smart devices.
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