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CONTENTS What is a topographic map? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Who makes topographic maps? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 How to read a topographic map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Map scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Map symbols (the legend) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Relief shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Hypsometric tinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Contour lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Map coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude . . .11 Grid coordinates - eastings and northings . . . . . . . . .11 How to quote a grid reference for a particular point .12 Planning a trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Using a GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 The GPS satellite system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Using GPS with a map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 The magnetic compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Compass errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Features of a compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Using your compass to reach a destination . . . . .17 Conversion of bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Simple uses of a map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Orienting a map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Finding your present position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Setting a course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 © Commonwealth of Australia This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act , no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be directed to Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra City, ACT, 2601 ISBN: 0 642 46770 6 Revised and printed 2005 Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not rely solely on this information when making a commercial decision.
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