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THE SWISS ALPS: BY FRANCES WILSON Do you know that you are always moving?, and there is nothing you can do about it. All thanks to convection currents and tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are huge bits of rock (a bit like a massive block of chocolate) that hold each continent on them and are found in the lithosphere. When the world was new the earth’s continents were all joined together, until convection currents moved them apart but very slowly and they are still moving apart. (Science, 2012) In the lithosphere there are minor and major plates. Most of the Earth’s crust is covered by seven larger plates and another eight smaller plates. (Ducksters, 2014) All these plates float on top of semi molten rock which is a thick, custard like liquid that is very, very hot. Currents form underneath the plates and move the plates either away from each other, (divergent) towards each other (convergent), and past each other (transform). (Affairs, n.d.) Figure 1 showing Pangaea tectonic plates major and minor and the direction in which they move The earth is always moving, Convection currents are making our continents move in directions that could be vertically, horizontally or diagonal. Convection currents come from the mantle under the tectonic plates. Convection is the process by which hot materials rise, move laterally, cool, and then descend in a cycle (Culture, 2014) These convection currents work like a treadmill belt the keep going in one direction.( refer to figure 2) magma from the mantle goes through the cycle of convection, slowly moving the plates apart. Figure 2 shows the process of convection So, if you reverse this movement of convection, the countries would all fit together like a puzzle or a chocolate bar fresh out of the packet this is actually one of Alfred winger’s theory. Alfred Wegener was a German scientist in the 1900 and was the first to suggest that the continents appear to move around at the earth's surface by continental drift. But not many people believed his theory of continental drift 1. It appears that all the counties fit together in one perfect shape. This shape was called Pangaea which means entire earth. The similarity in outline of the coastlines of eastern South America and West Africa had been noted for some time. The best fit is obtained if the coastlines are matched at a depth of 1,000 meters below current sea level. ( Academic, 2000-2013) Refer to figure 1. Figure one shows tectonic plates together. 2. Identical fossils have been found on separated continents, the Remains of a Mesosaurus, a freshwater crocodile-like reptile that lived during the early Permian (between 286 and 258 million years ago), are found solely in Southern Africa and Eastern South America. It would have been physiologically impossible for the Mesosaurus to swim between the continents. This suggests that South America and Africa were joined during the Early Permian period. (Society, 2012). Therefore continental drift separated, splitting the fossils apart. Figure 3 shows 4 different types of fossils spread across separated plates that are identical 3. “ Glaciation (about 300 million years ago) are found in Antarctica, Africa, South America, India and Australia. If the continents haven’t moved, then this would suggest an ic e sheet extended from the South Pole to the equator at this time - which is unlikely as the UK at this time was also close to the equator and has extensive coal and limestone deposits. If the continents of the southern hemisphere are re-assembled near the South Pole, then the Permo-Carboniferous ice sheet assumes a much more reasonable size. ” (Society, 2012) Figure 4 shows galciation in the seperated continets that were once together Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
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