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Significant Geological Feature: The Hawaiian Island Chain The Hawaiian Islands are the tops of gigantic volcanic mountains formed by countless eruptions of fluid lava over several million years; some tower more than 30,000 feet above the seafloor (Refer to Figure 3) . These volcanic peaks rising above the ocean surface represent only the tiny, visible part of an immense submarine ridge called the Hawaiian Ridge – Emperor Seamount Chain (Refer to Figure 4) , composed of more than 80 large volcanoes (Tilling, Heliker, & Swanson, 2014). Figure 4: Emperor Seamount Chain Whilst most volcanic activity happens at plate margins, there are cases of volcanoes erupting in the middle of plates. The Hawaiian Islands are formed by volcanic activity, despite the nearest plate margin being 3,200 km away (The Geologocal Society, N.D). Some geologists have suggested that a 'hot spot' in the mantle, which remains stationary as the Pacific Plate moves over it, explains the existence of the island chain (Refer to Figure 5) . The hot spot may represent the top of a mantle plume which originated deep down at the outer core. (The Geologocal Society, N.D). It is believed that the Hawaiian “Hot Spot” was located and perhaps originated, beneath the Kula ‐ Pacific spreading axis (Kay, 1994). Figure 5: Hawaiian “Hot Spot” Hot Spots are huge columns of upwelling lava, known as “plumes,” that lie at a fixed position under the Pacific Plate. As the ocean floor moves over this “hot spot” at about five inches a year, the upwelling lava creates a steady succession of new volcanoes that migrate along with the plate ‐ a veritable conveyor belt of volcanic islands. This is why the islands get increasingly older and more weathered to the north (Unknown, 2010). Each of the islands is formed as the enormous Pacific Plate drifts slowly in a north ‐ westerly direction over the "Hot Spot" in the Earth's mantle. At the hot spot, magma from within the mantle pushes up the earth's crust resulting in the formation of an undersea volcano. Over time the volcano emerges from Fi ure 3: To view of the Hawaiian
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