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Plate Tectonics The earth is made up of a number of different layers, from the inner core to the earth’s crust as shown in figure 1. The theory of plate tectonics relates to the outer layer, the lithosphere, and says that the lithosphere is broken into a number of large pieces (or plates) which float on and travel independently over hot flowing mantle rock (the asthenosphere). The plates move in different directions and at different speeds. There are currently eight large plates and nine smaller ones. The major plates include continents and oceans as shown in figure 2. At some boundaries, the plates move away from each other (divergent), at others the plates push against each other causing mountains and volcanoes to form (convergent) and some boundaries sideswipe each other (transform boundaries) causing earthquakes. These plates move in response to movements in the mantle underneath due to heat escap ing from the earth’s inner core. (Sharon Barry, 2014) Paleomagnetism Rocks studied showed their current position on earth (latitude) was different to their original latitude as recorded by the magnetised minerals within the rock. This supports the theory that the continents have moved over time. (Wyken Seagrave, 2014) Fi ure 1: La ers of the earth Mr Still, 2014 Fi ure 2: Tectonic Plates Sharon Barr , 2014 Continental Drift In 1912, long before plate tectonics was being discussed, a German meteorologist called Alfred Wegner developed the theory that the earth was once made up of a single large land mass which broke up over 200 million years ago. Wegener believed that the relative positions of the continents are not rigidly fixed but are slowly drifting — at a rate of about 91 cm per century. Evidence to support Wegener’s theory was provided by the puzzle-like fit of the continents and the discovery of similar fossilised plant and animal species on different continents. More recently, paleomagnetism (the study of magnetised minerals in rocks) has provided the best evidence yet to support continental drift (see boxes below). While Wegener incorrectly thought that the continents moved by breaking through the ocean crust, the more recent study of plate tectonics has helped explain how the continents have drifted over time (Pearson Education, 2013) Continents fit together like puzzle The coasts of the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean could, if the continents were moved closer, fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. E.g. the east coast of South America fits with the west coast of Africa. (Wyken Seagrave, 2014) Fossils Plant and animal fossils of the same age have been found near different continent shores, suggesting they were once joined together. A fossil plant, the Glossopteris Flora, was discovered in India, South Africa, Australia, Antarctica and South America. (Wyken Seagrave, 2014)
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