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Kinds of Ice and Their Effects on Flight Structural ice is the stuff that sticks to the outside of the airplane. It is described as rime, clear (sometimes called glaze), or mixed. • Rime ice has a rough, milky white appearance, and generally follows the contours of the surface closely. Much of it can be removed by deice systems or pre- vented by anti-ice. • Clear (or glaze) ice is sometimes clear and smooth, but usually contains some air pockets that result in a lumpy translucent appearance. The larger the accre- tion, the less glaze ice conforms to the shape of the wing; the shape is often characterized by the pres- ence of upper and lower “horns.” Clear ice is denser, harder, and sometimes more transparent than rime ice, and is generally hard to break. • Mixed ice is a combination of rime and clear ice. Ice can distort the flow of air over the wing, diminish- ing the wing's maximum lift, reducing the angle of attack for maximum lift, adversely affecting airplane handling qualities, and significantly increasing drag. Wind tunnel and flight tests have shown that frost, snow, and ice accumulations (on the leading edge or upper surface of the wing) no thicker or rougher than a piece of coarse sandpaper can reduce lift by 30 percent and increase drag up to 40 percent. Larger accretions can reduce lift even more and can increase drag by 80 percent or more. Even aircraft equipped for flight into icing conditions are signifi- cantly affected by ice accumulation on the unpro- tected areas. A NASA study (NASA TM83564) showed that close to 30 percent of the total drag associated with an ice encounter remained after all the protected surfaces were cleared. Nonprotected surfaces may include antennas, flap hinges, control horns, fuselage frontal area, windshield wipers, wing struts, fixed landing gear, etc. Some unwary pilots have, unfortunately, been caught by surprise with a heavy coating of ice and no plan 0˚ to -15˚C 32˚ to 5˚F Safe Pilots. Safe Skies. • Pg. 2 Cumulus Clouds Stratiform Clouds Rain and Drizzle 0˚ to -20˚C 32˚ to -4˚F Leading Factors Aircraft Type Icing risk The Stats: 0˚C and below 32˚F and below -20˚ to -40˚C -4˚ to -40˚F -15˚ to -30˚C 5˚ to -22˚F < than -40˚C <than -40˚F < than -30˚C <than -22˚F Med. High Low Icing Risk Med.High Low 1990-2000 27% (105 accidents) involved fatalities Source: AOPA Air Safety Foundation accident database Total Weather Accidents Pilot Total Time Icing 12% (388) >1,000 48% (186) Unknown 1% (6) <100 7% (26) 100-499 25% (98) Structural Icing 40% (153) Ground Accumulation 8% (32) Induction Icing 52% (203) All Weather 88% (2842) 500-999 19% (72) Fixed-gear Single 64% (249) Multi 14% (56) Retract Single 22% (83)
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