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Recentlyquestionshaveemergedregardingtheuniversalityandlimitationsof currentgeneralclassicmodelsofleadership–thosebeingthetransactionaland transformationalmodels.Theemergentdiscussionsfocusonthequestionofwhat–if any–inuencingdynamicsareassociatedwiththeinterplayandlinkagebetweenthe process-interpersonaldimensionsintheroleofleadership(intheclassicmodels),and thespirituality-intrapersonaldimensionintheroleofleadership. Asaresponse,severalstudiesattempttopromotetranscendentalleadershiptheory (Cardona,2000;Sanders etal. ,2003;Dent etal. ,2005;Geroy etal. ,2005),but transcendentalleadershiptheory“remainstobeempiricallytestedinavarietyofsocial andorganizationalenvironments”(Sanders etal. ,2003,p.30).Theconceptualmodel offeredbySanders etal. (2003)putstranscendentalleadershipandtransactionaland transformationalstylesalongseveralcontinua,includingspirituality. Theprevailingspiritualrevivalintheworkplacehastakenshapeoverthepast20 years.Theburgeoningworkplacespiritualityliteraturehasbeenmainlyinuencedby developmentsintheeldsofreligiousstudiesandpsychology(Giacalone etal. ,2005). Spiritualityisaninherentcharacteristicofallhumans,whichencompassesthe sacrednessofeverything,isnondenominational,broadlyinclusiveandembracing everyone,andinvolvesexperiencingorachievingagodlikeselfthroughconnection (MitroffandDenton,1999;Dent etal. ,2005;Fernando,2007;SmithandRayment,2007). DehlerandWelsh(1994)denespiritualityas: ... asubconsciousfeelingthatenergizesindividualactioninrelationtoaspecictask[ ... ]an animatinglifeforce,anenergythatinspiresonetowardcertainendsorpurposesthatgo beyondself(p.19). Scholarlycontributionsonspiritualleadershiprelatestoleaders’“animatinglifeforce” orintrinsicmotivation.AccordingtoFryandCoen(2009),thepurposeofspiritual leadershipisto: ... tapintothefundamentalneedsofbothleaderandfollowerforspiritualwellbeingthrough callingandmembership,tocreatevisionandvaluecongruenceacrosstheindividual, empoweredteam,andorganizationlevels[ ... ]tofosterhigherlevelsofemployeewellbeing, organizationalcommitment,nancialperformance,andsocialresponsibility(pp.266-7). Theseauthorsstatethatthetheoryofspiritualleadershipisdevelopedwithinan intrinsicmotivationmodel,andisfoundedonqualitiessuchashope,faithandaltruism (FryandCoen,2009,p.266).Inpractice,spiritualleadershipisdrivenbytheinnerlife orspiritualpractice.Itdevelopsthevalues,attitudesandbehaviorsnecessaryto intrinsicallymotivateone’sselfandotherssotheyhaveasenseofspiritualwellbeing. Whiletheworkplacespiritualityliteraturesinglesoutleadershipasthemost importantinuenceonthepresenceofspiritintheworkplace(FernandoandJackson, 2006),andthereisgrowingrecognitionofanethicalleadershipstyleinthegeneral leadershipliterature(Barling etal. ,2008),earlyempiricalattemptsattestingthe relationshipbetweenspiritualityandleadershiphavefoundthatthecharacteristicsof leadersdonotcommonlyincludenotionsofspirituality(Dent etal. ,2005).Forexample, Jacobsen(1994)foundthatthemostexhaustivecollectionofresearchonleadershipby Bassdoesnotmentionspiritualityasanimportanttraitinthequalitiesaffecting leaders’valuesorperformance.Also,inastudyof266leadersexaminingthe commonalitiesoftransformationalleadershipandthedimensionsofspirituality,Zwart (2000)foundnosignicantrelationshipbetweenspiritualityandtransformational Spiritual dimensionin leadership 523
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