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Storage time (days) 010203040 Feed vitamin E content (mg/kg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 * * * * Control 18 ppm CuSO4 200 ppm IntelliBond C 200 ppm Figure 1 . CuSO 4 reduces feed vitamin E content compared to IntelliBondC. Feed was a broiler mash diet stored at room temp (18°C). Data adapted from Lu et al., 2010. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. * Within a time point, mean is significantly different from Control (p<0.05). Storage time (days) 010203040 Feed vitamin E content (mg/kg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 * * * * Control 18 ppm CuSO4 200 ppm IntelliBond C 200 ppm Figure 1 . CuSO 4 reduces feed vitamin E content compared to IntelliBondC. Feed was a broiler mash diet stored at room temp (18°C). Data adapted from Lu et al., 2010. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. * Within a time point, mean is significantly different from Control (p<0.05). IntelliBond C (TBCC) can be incorporated into feeds and premixes as a less reactive source of copper, thus reducing vitamin losses. For example, copper sulfate but not IntelliBond C, significantly reduces vitamin E activity in a broiler mash diet (e.g., Figure 1 , [3]). Other research reports confirm this loss [4]. The vitamin E degradation (10- 23% loss of vitamin E in 10 days in diets with copper sulfate) would result in feed loss currently valued at $0.18-0.35 per ton (based on 60 IU/kg starting DL- α -tocopheryl acetate level @ $16/kg). Conclusions It is clear that feeding reactive mineral sources such as copper sulfate can cause significant losses of vitamins in the feed. These losses can be accounted for by over- formulation of vitamins and enzymes or additional antioxidant supplementation, all of which add cost to VTM and complete feeds. Alternatively, formulation using hydroxy trace minerals reduces losses of valuable nutrients and maintains cost effectiveness in formulations. IntelliBond C provides superior animal performance compared to copper sulfate, and also allows diet composition to reflect formulated levels, thus improving efficiency from the feed mill to the final product. References 1. Adams, C.R., Effect of environmental conditions on the stability of vitamins in feeds , in Effect of processing on the nutritional value of feeds . 1972, National Academy of Sciences: Gainesville, FL. p. 142-150. 2. Shurson, G.C., et al., Effect of metal specific amino acid complexes and inorganic trace minerals on vitamin stability in premixes. Animal Feed Sci. Tech., 2010. In press doi:10.106./j.anifeedsci.2010.11.001 . 3. Lu, L., et al., Effect of dietary supplementation with copper sulfate or tribasic copper chloride on the growth performance, liver copper concentrations of broilers fed in floor pens, and stabilities of vitamin e and phytase in feeds. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2010. 138 (1-3): p. 181-9. 4. Luo, X.G., et al., Effects of dietary supplementation with copper sulfate or tribasic copper chloride on broiler performance, relative copper bioavailability, and oxidation stability of vitamin E in feed. Poult Sci, 2005. 84 (6): p. 888-93.
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