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1.Lookcarefullyatthegures,diagramsandotherillus- trationsinthepaper.Payspecialattentiontographs. Aretheaxesproperlylabeled?Areresultsshownwith errorbars,sothatconclusionsarestatisticallysig- nicant?Commonmistakeslikethesewillseparate rushed,shoddyworkfromthetrulyexcellent. 2.Remembertomarkrelevantunreadreferencesforfur- therreading(thisisagoodwaytolearnmoreabout thebackgroundofthepaper). Thesecondpassshouldtakeuptoanhourforanexpe- riencedreader.Afterthispass,youshouldbeabletograsp thecontentofthepaper.Youshouldbeabletosummarize themainthrustofthepaper,withsupportingevidence,to someoneelse.Thislevelofdetailisappropriateforapaper inwhichyouareinterested,butdoesnotlieinyourresearch speciality. Sometimesyouwon’tunderstandapaperevenattheend ofthesecondpass.Thismaybebecausethesubjectmatter isnewtoyou,withunfamiliarterminologyandacronyms. Ortheauthorsmayuseaprooforexperimentaltechnique thatyoudon’tunderstand,sothatthebulkofthepa- perisincomprehensible.Thepapermaybepoorlywritten withunsubstantiatedassertionsandnumerousforwardref- erences.Oritcouldjustbethatit’slateatnightandyou’re tired.Youcannowchooseto:(a)setthepaperaside,hoping youdon’tneedtounderstandthematerialtobesuccessful inyourcareer,(b)returntothepaperlater,perhapsafter readingbackgroundmaterialor(c)persevereandgoonto thethirdpass. 2.3Thethirdpass Tofullyunderstandapaper,particularlyifyouarere- viewer,requiresathirdpass.Thekeytothethirdpass istoattemptto virtuallyre-implement thepaper:thatis, makingthesameassumptionsastheauthors,re-createthe work.Bycomparingthisre-creationwiththeactualpaper, youcaneasilyidentifynotonlyapaper’sinnovations,but alsoitshiddenfailingsandassumptions. Thispassrequiresgreatattentiontodetail.Youshould identifyandchallengeeveryassumptionineverystatement. Moreover,youshouldthinkabouthowyouyourselfwould presentaparticularidea.Thiscomparisonoftheactual withthevirtuallendsasharpinsightintotheproofand presentationtechniquesinthepaperandyoucanverylikely addthistoyourrepertoireoftools.Duringthispass,you shouldalsojotdownideasforfuturework. Thispasscantakemanyhoursforbeginnersandmore thananhourortwoevenforanexperiencedreader.Atthe endofthispass,youshouldbeabletoreconstructtheentire structureofthepaperfrommemory,aswellasbeableto identifyitsstrongandweakpoints.Inparticular,youshould beabletopinpointimplicitassumptions,missingcitations torelevantwork,andpotentialissueswithexperimentalor analyticaltechniques. 3.DOINGALITERATURESURVEY Paperreadingskillsareputtothetestindoingaliterature survey.Thiswillrequireyoutoreadtensofpapers,perhaps inanunfamiliareld.Whatpapersshouldyouread?Here ishowyoucanusethethree-passapproachtohelp. First,useanacademicsearchenginesuchasGoogleScholar orCiteSeerandsomewell-chosenkeywordstondthreeto ve recenthighly-cited papersinthearea.Doonepasson eachpapertogetasenseofthework,thenreadtheirre- latedworksections.Youwillndathumbnailsummaryof therecentwork,andperhaps,ifyouarelucky,apointerto arecentsurveypaper.Ifyoucanndsuchasurvey,you aredone.Readthesurvey,congratulatingyourselfonyour goodluck. Otherwise,inthesecondstep,ndsharedcitationsand repeatedauthornamesinthebibliography.Thesearethe keypapersandresearchersinthatarea.Downloadthekey papersandsetthemaside.Thengotothewebsitesofthe keyresearchersandseewherethey’vepublishedrecently. Thatwillhelpyouidentifythetopconferencesinthateld becausethebestresearchersusuallypublishinthetopcon- ferences. Thethirdstepistogotothewebsiteforthesetopcon- ferencesandlookthroughtheirrecentproceedings.Aquick scanwillusuallyidentifyrecenthigh-qualityrelatedwork. Thesepapers,alongwiththeonesyousetasideearlier,con- stitutetherstversionofyoursurvey.Maketwopasses throughthesepapers.Iftheyallciteakeypaperthatyou didnotndearlier,obtainandreadit,iteratingasneces- sary. 4.RELATEDWORK Ifyouarereadingapapertodoareview,youshouldalso readTimothyRoscoe’spaperon“Writingreviewsforsys- temsconferences”[3].Ifyou’replanningtowriteatechnical paper,youshouldreferbothtoHenningSchulzrinne’scom- prehensivewebsite[4]andGeorgeWhitesides’sexcellent overviewoftheprocess[5].Finally,SimonPeytonJones hasawebsitethatcoverstheentirespectrumofresearch skills[2]. IainH.McLeanofPsychology,Inc.hasputtogethera downloadable‘reviewmatrix’thatsimpliespaperreview- ingusingthethree-passapproachforpapersinexperimen- talpsychology[1],whichcanprobablybeused,withminor modications,forpapersinotherareas. 5.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Therstversionofthisdocumentwasdraftedbymystu- dents:HosseinFalaki,EarlOliver,andSumairUrRahman. Mythankstothem.IalsobenetedfromChristopheDiot’s perceptivecommentsandNicoleKeshav’seagle-eyedcopy- editing. Iwouldliketomakethisalivingdocument,updatingit asIreceivecomments.Pleasetakeamomenttoemailme anycommentsorsuggestionsforimprovement.Thanksto encouragingfeedbackfrommanycorrespondentsoverthe years. 6.REFERENCES [1]I.H.McLean,“LiteratureReviewMatrix,” http://psychologyinc.blogspot.com/ [2]S.PeytonJones,“ResearchSkills,” http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/simonpj/papers/giving-a-talk/giving-a- talk.htm [3]T.Roscoe,“WritingReviewsforSystemsConferences,” http://people.inf.ethz.ch/troscoe/pubs/review-writing.pdf [4]H.Schulzrinne,“WritingTechnicalArticles,” http://www.cs.columbia.edu/ ∼ hgs/etc/writing-style.html [5]G.M.Whitesides,“Whitesides’Group:WritingaPaper,” http://www.ee.ucr.edu/ ∼ rlake/Whitesides writing res paper.pdf
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